Whisk wiper

ABSTRACT

A whisk wiper  30 , a device having a flexible central portion defining a plurality of intersecting slits  32  angularly disposed in an asterisk type pattern, for mounting onto a whisk  46  having angularly disposed loops  44 . It is pulled down over the loops  44 , each loop  44  guided through a slit  32 . To clean off mixture  50  stuck to the whisk  46  the whisk wiper  30  is simply pulled off, the opposed edges of each slit  32  functioning as squeegees, wiping the loops  44  clean, the removed mixture  50  collected on the top side of the whisk wiper  30  so it can be then returned to the mixing bowl  52 . Additionally the whisk wiper  30  is a splash guard, support to hang the whisk  46  on the edge of a mixing bowl  52 , keeps the whisk&#39;s loops  44  up off the surface when the whisk  46  is set down and the outer edge  40  can be used to wipe out the mixing bowl  52.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a utensil cleaning device which removes food stuck to a cook's whisk with a plurality of slits which act as squeegees to wipe the whisk's loops clean.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The use of a whisk in mixing ingredients often involves mixtures which stick to the loops of the whisk, which makes returning this portion of the mixture to the mixing bowl, and subsequently cleaning the whisk, difficult. After shaking the whisk over the bowl, a cook's only other option has been to try to wipe the wire loops between their fingers. In the end the whisk has been rinsed in the sink, a slow process resulting in the loss of ingredients down the drain. Since whisks have a cage like structure it is not possible to clean them effectively with cleaning implements which are applied from the outside of the whisk as the inner surfaces remain inaccessible.

Electric mixers and egg beaters have addressed this same problem with centrifugal cleaning. The mixer is run at high speed to shake off any stuck mixture. So called “self-cleaning beaters” are simply beaters that have no center posts so that the centrifugal cleaning can be more effective. This is essentially only a high speed version of shaking the whisk over the bowl.

While there have not been innovative solutions to cleaning the cooks whisks there have been a few innovations in the device itself. The 2005 Hughes U.S. patent application 20070084063 teaches a whisk that includes a protrusion from the handle which has the advantage of keeping the loops of the whisk up off the surface when the whisk is set down. This allows for a more sanitary kitchen as the loops of the whisk do not come into contact with counter tops. Similarly, the 2008 Lion U.S. patent application 20080043568 features a whisk having an additional clip to allow the whisk to be supported on the edge of the mixing bowl. The 2006 Settele U.S. Pat. No. 7,044,631 teaches a collar which can be placed on a conventional whisk which has the benefit, once it is drawn up away from the handle, of collapsing the loops of the whisk and thereby making the whisk more compact for storage. This collar has the added benefit of being applicable to a conventional whisk and does not require one to be manufactured specifically with the device.

While the problem of cleaning the complex structure of the whisk has not been addressed by the prior art, methods of cleaning other complex structures have been taught. Solutions to the problem of cleaning the many bristles of a comb has been taught in several patents including the 1946 Heyman U.S. Pat. No. 2,437,298 which teaches a simple fabric strip having a row of perforations coinciding with the bristles of a conventional flat comb. The fabric strip is pulled down to the base of the comb where it remains until it is time to clean the comb at which point it is pulled off taking the caught hair and debris with it. Similarly the 1977 Peilet U.S. Pat. No. 4,001,910 teaches a comb having a perforated plate which lifts up from the back of the comb, each perforation having a single bristle passing through it and including flexible wiping flaps to wipe the bristle clean as the plate is lifted.

An advantage of using flexible wiping flaps or blades, as in a squeegee, in cleaning an object is their ability to flexibly conform to the surface being cleaned. The 1933 Pelz U.S. Pat. No. 1,934,556 teaches a C shaped squeegee able to clean a trapezoidal box successfully on all sides, the squeegee blade edges flexibly conforming to the surfaces. The 1971 Fink U.S. Pat. No. 3,583,018 teaches a squeegee consisting of a slit in a rubbery sheet which will remove most debris from golf club head, the opposed edges of the slits acting as squeegees.

Scrapers, wipers and squeegees which are in opposed pairs have not been previously used in cleaning a whisk type structure but have been employed as an effective cleaning structure in many devices. The 1960 Hercer U.S. Pat. No. 2,941,224 is one of many spatula cleaners employing opposed wipers or scrapers. The 1990 Tremblay U.S. Pat. No. 4,891,859 teaches a wiper system consisting of opposed squeegees to clean a motor vehicle dipstick.

While the cleaning of a whisk type structure does not appear in any prior art, the references sited above demonstrate the efficacy of cleaning a complex structure with opposed squeegees disposed to follow the contours of the item to be cleaned.

OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES

The objects and advantages of the present invention are to provide the first effective device for cleaning a cook's whisk, which also retains the mixture it removes from the whisk to be returned to the mixing bowl, can be used to wipe out a mixing bowl, supports the whisk on the edge of a mixing bowl, prevents the whisk's loops from touching the surface when the whisk is set down, and which acts as a splash guard while the whisk is in use.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is herein called a whisk wiper and is a device having a number of flexible slits, intersecting at angles in the center of the device, making an asterisk or star-like pattern. The whisk wiper is pulled over a whisk's wire loops down to the handle, prior to the whisks use, each loop passing through a slit. When the cook wants to remove all the mixture 105 stuck on the whisk the wiper is pulled off, the sides of each slit acting as pairs of opposed squeegees wiping the whisk's loops clean. The whisk wiper, once removed, has the mixture which was wiped off collected onto its top side. The whisk wiper can then be wiped off on the lip of the mixing bowl. In this way nearly all of the mixture is returned to the mixing bowl with the whisk and whisk wiper both left relatively clean.

The use of the whisk wiper has several added benefits as well. Once in place on a whisk it acts as a splash guard to keep a cooks hand clean while mixing. The whisk can hang on the edge of a mixing bowl, supported by the whisk wiper. When the whisk is set down the wire loops are kept up off the surface as the whisk is supported by the edge of the whisk wiper instead. Additionally the whisk wiper's outer edge can be used to wipe out a mixing bowl.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a top view of the whisk wiper 30 with the rigid frame 34 within shown with a dotted line.

FIG. 2 shows a bottom view of the whisk wiper 30 of FIG. 1 with a break away showing the rigid frame 34 within.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing the top and side of the whisk wiper 30 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing the bottom and side of the whisk wiper 30 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the whisk wiper 30 of FIG. 1 showing the rigid frame 34 within, and one of the slits 32 and groove 42.

FIG. 6 is the view of FIG. 5 with a single wire loop 44 being passed through the slit 32.

FIG. 7 shows a top view of a first alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 56.

FIG. 8 shows a top view of a second alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 60 which includes a hard scraper 62.

FIG. 9 shows a top view of a third alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 64 having curved slits 66, a concave portion 68, and an acutely angled point 70.

FIG. 10 shows a cook lining up the wire loops 44 with the grooves 42 in the whisk wiper 30 as they are about to be inserted.

FIG. 11 shows the step subsequent to FIG. 10 with the whisk wiper 30 being pulled down over the wire loops 44 toward the handle 48.

FIG. 12 shows the whisk wiper 30 in position on the whisk 46 and functioning as a splash guard as the whisk 46 is being used mixing and splashing mixture 50 around in a mixing bowl 52, shown in cross section.

FIG. 13 shows the whisk 46, covered with mixture 50, hanging on the lip 54 of the mixing bowl 52, shown in cross section, supported by the whisk wiper 30.

FIG. 14 shows the whisk 46 laying down on the handle 48 and the whisk wiper 30, the wire loops 44 covered with mixture 50.

FIG. 15 shows the whisk wiper 30 being pulled up off the whisk 46, the wire loops 44 being wiped clean in the process, and the mixture 50 pooling and gathering on the top surface of the whisk wiper 30.

FIG. 16 shows, subsequent to FIG. 15, the cleaned whisk 46 in the right hand and the whisk wiper 30, in the left hand, the mixture 50 collected onto its top surface.

FIG. 17 shows the mixture 50 being scraped off the top surface of the whisk wiper 30 on the lip 54 of the mixing bowl 52.

FIG. 18 shows the outer beveled edge 40 being used to wipe out the mixing bowl 52.

FIG. 19 shows a top view of the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72.

FIG. 20 shows a bottom view of the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72.

FIG. 21 is a perspective view showing the top and side of the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72 of FIG. 19.

FIG. 22 is a perspective view showing the bottom and side of the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72 of FIG. 19.

FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72 of FIG. 19 showing the thickened ring 74, thickened wedge 76 and concave groove 80.

FIG. 24 is the view of FIG. 23 with a single wire loop 44 being passed through the slit 32.

FIG. 25 shows a cross section of the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72 including a sponge 82.

FIG. 26 shows a cross section of the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72 including brushes 86.

FIG. 27 shows a perspective view of the fifth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 88 consisting of a rectangular sponge with deep slits 88 cut through it.

DRAWINGS—REFERENCE NUMERALS

30 whisk wiper 32 slit 34 rigid frame 36 flexible material 38 slot 40 beveled edge 42 groove 44 wire loop 46 whisk 48 handle 50 mixture 52 mixing bowl 54 lip 56 first alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 58 extra slit 60 second alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 62 hard scraper 64 third alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 66 curved slits 68 concave portion 70 acutely 72 fourth alternative embodiment of the angled point whisk wiper 74 thickened ring 76 thickened wedge 78 concave edge 80 concave groove 82 sponge 84 deep slit 86 brushes 88 fifth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows a top view of an embodiment of the present invention generally designated 30, and herein referred to as a whisk wiper 30. The whisk wiper 30 is a disk having a number of slits 32 intersecting through its center, and which are disposed in angularly spaced orientation to make an asterisk type pattern. The number of slits 32 is ideally chosen to correspond with the number of wire loops on the whisk with which the whisk wiper 30 will be used. A rigid frame 34 within the whisk wiper 30 is shown with a dotted line.

The dimensions of the whisk wiper 30 and the number of the slits 32 can vary and the dimensions given here are just an example. The size of the whisk wiper 30 shown in FIG. 1 is 9 cm in diameter, with 5 slits 32 which are 6.5 cm in length.

FIG. 2 shows the underside of the whisk wiper 30 including a break away view revealing the rigid frame 34 within. This example of the whisk wiper 30 could be constructed of a rigid frame 34 made of aluminum, covered with silicone nonabsorbent flexible material 36. The rigid frame 34 shown is 8 cm in diameter with slots 38, which are oblong apertures 7 cm in length and 7 mm in width. As shown in the cross sectional view of FIG. 5 the thickness of the rigid frame 34 is 2 mm and the thickness of the whisk wiper 30 is 7 mm.

The top side of the whisk wiper 30 shown in FIG. 1 and again in perspective view in FIG. 3 is flat without depressions or protrusions. The underside shown in FIG. 2 and again in perspective view in FIG. 4 has a beveled edge 40 and grooves 42 surrounding each slit 32. The grooves 42 are 5 mm wide and have beveled walls leading into each slit 32. In use, as shown in FIG. 6 a wire loop 44 is guided by the grooves 42 into the slit 32, the silicone flexing aside to allow the wire loop 44 to pass through the slit 32. The operative edges of the whisk wiper 30, which are the opposed edges of each slit 32 and the beveled edge 40, have a flexibility which is easily controlled by a number of factors in the design. The flexibility is determined by the physical properties of the flexible material 36, its thickness which in the present embodiment is 7 mm, the size and shape of the grooves 42 and the beveled edge 40, the distance between the outer beveled edge 40 and the outer edge of the rigid frame 34, in this embodiment 5 mm, and the distance of the opposed edges of the slits 32 from the inner edges of the slots 38 in the rigid frame 34, in this embodiment 3.5 mm.

FIG. 7, FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 show alternative embodiments which will be described later in this description.

FIG. 10 shows the whisk wiper 30 being held in the cook's right hand as it is lined up with a conventional whisk 46, held in the cook's left hand. The whisk 46 shown has five wire loops 44 disposed in angularly spaced orientation about the axis of the handle 48, each loop having two ends secured to the inner end of the handle 48.

The use of the whisk wipe is illustrated beginning with FIG. 10 which shows the cook lining up the curved ends of the wire loops 44, with the grooves 42 of the whisk wipe 30. It is not necessary to be precise in this alignment as the wide grooves 42 present an ample target for the wire loops 44 and both the material of the whisk wipe 30 and the wire loops 44 are flexible. It is also not necessary for the length of the slits 32 to exceed the width of the wire loops 44 as the wire loops 44, being flexible, can compress in passing through.

Once the wire loops 44 are inserted through the slits 32 of the whisk wipe 30, as shown in FIG. 11, the whisk wipe is pulled toward the inner end of the handle 48. The friction force opposing this movement is determined by materials and the flexibility of the opposed edges of the slits 32.

FIG. 12 shows the whisk wiper 30 in place as the whisk 46 is being used to mix a mixture 50, in a mixing bowl 52, which is shown in cross section. The whisk wiper 30 has the added benefit of being a splatter guard as shown in FIG. 12, as the mixture 50 splashes back and lands upon the whisk wipe 30, instead of the cooks hand.

FIG. 13 shows the whisk 46 hanging by the whisk wiper 30 on the lip 54 of the mixing bowl 52. Otherwise a whisk 46 without a whisk wiper 30 in place would slide into the mixing bowl 52. With the whisk wipe 30 in place the whisk 46 is prevented from sliding down into the bowl. This would be desirable should the cook wish to take a break or use both hands to add additional ingredients to the mixture 50.

FIG. 14 shows the whisk 46 lying upon a horizontal surface with the whisk wiper 30 in place and its wire loops 44 covered with mixture 50. Without the whisk wiper 30 in place the whisk would normally rest on the wire loops 44. With the whisk wiper 30 in place the whisk 46 is supported by the outer end of the handle 48 and the whisk wiper 30 with the wire loops 44 suspended above the horizontal surface. This prevents both the mess and unsanitary consequences of having the mixture 50 contact the horizontal surface.

Once the cook wishes to remove the mixture 50 which is stuck to the wire loops 44 they simply pull the whisk wiper 30 off. FIG. 15 shows the cook pulling the whisk wiper 30 away from the inner end of the handle 48 and toward the outer ends of the wire loops 44. As the whisk wiper 30 is pulled off the opposed edges of the slits 32 function as squeegees and wipe the wire loops 44 clean. The mixture 50 which is wiped off the wire loops 44 is collected on the top side 250 of the whisk wiper 30. This step can be performed quickly without skill or precision.

FIG. 16 shows the result subsequent to the removal of the whisk wipe 30 as shown in FIG. 15. FIG. 16 shows the whisk 46, now clean, and the whisk wipe 30 with the mixture 50 gathered onto its top side.

FIG. 17 shows the wiping of the whisk wiper 30 off on the lip 54 of the bowl 52, thereby 255 returning the mixture 50, which was wiped from the wire loops 44, to the mixing bowl 52, which is shown in cross section. Since the top surface of the whisk wiper 30 has no depressions or protrusions it is ideally suited to return the remnant mixture 50 in this manner.

As shown in FIG. 18 the whisk wiper 30 can also be used, separately from the whisk 46, to wipe out the mixing bowl 52. The whisk wiper 30 is simply gripped on one side and the other side's beveled edge 40 is pressed against the inner surface of the bowl to make as much contact as both the flexibility of the silicone at the edge and the difference between the contour of the whisk wiper 30 and the mixing bowl 52 will allow.

Where strokes with the whisk wiper 30 do not overlap, remnants of mixture 50 are left behind in streaks, shown in FIG. 18 in cross section on the left side of the bowl 52. Where there is a significant difference between the contour of the outer beveled edge 40 of the whisk wiper 30 and the bowl 52 numerous wiping stokes are needed to ensure there are no remnants of the mixture 50.

A top view of the first alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 56, shown in FIG. 7, has an outer contour with a gradually decreasing curvature as the contour runs in the clockwise direction as shown. The cook can rotate this first alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 56 to find the portion of its contour best suited to the bowl being wiped out. Also included in the contour of the first alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 56 are a flat portion and a right angle to allow for the wiping of flat surfaces and inside corners.

The first alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 56 shows some of the variations that are possible in the device and also includes an extra slit 58 which is open to the outer edge. This extra slit 58 could be used to clean a knife, spatula or other utensil. The first alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 56 also has 8 slits 32 to suit it for use with a whisk having up to 8 loops.

FIG. 8 shows a top view of a second alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 60 which has three slits 32, to be used with a whisk having 3 wire loops, and features an outer contour which is round on one side and square on the other. The flexible material only partial covers the rigid frame along the operative edges and slits in this embodiment. A hard scraper 62 makes up one of the corners to offer another option in cleaning. This illustrates the added benefit of the whisk wiper in providing a location to which useful tools can be added.

FIG. 9 shows a top view of a third alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 64 which has three curved slits 66, and an outer contour including a concave portion 68, and an acutely angled point 70. The curved slits 66 would not prevent pulling this third alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 64 down toward the handle of a whisk as the wire loops of a whisk are flexible and a slight twisting motion would be all that would be required to smoothly guide it into place. In the case where the edges of the slits 66 are very flexible and exert little friction force onto the wire loops the curvature in the slits would better prevent inadvertent slipping during mixing. Optionally pulling the third alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 40 off of a whisk without rotating it would result in the wire loops of the whisk being twisted and would result in a greater force being exerted by the outer squeegee edge of each slit, which could be advantageous in wiping off stubborn remnants of mixture. The concave portion 68 could be used to wipe convex surfaces, and the tip 60 could be used in wiping out crevices.

While it is important that the whisk wiper device have both flexibility in its operative edges and a frame work that is inflexible enough to prevent the buckling and collapse of the device while it is being pulled onto or off of the whisk, it is not necessary that this framework be entirely rigid as the forces involved in the use of the whisk wiper device are not great. It is both possible and advantageous, from a manufacturing standpoint, to form the whisk wiper out of a single material as shown in FIGS. 19-24.

FIG. 19 is a top view, FIG. 20 a bottom view, FIG. 21 a perspective view showing the top and side, FIG. 22 a perspective view showing the bottom and side, and FIGS. 23-24 cross sectional views of the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72. These views correspond to the views shown of the whisk wiper 30 in FIGS. 1-6 to make comparison easier. The fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72 also has five slits 32.

The fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72 is made of a single piece of material. The degree of flexibility at both the operative edges and in the regions where a support framework is required is determined by the thickness of the material as shown in FIGS. 20-24. Even a relatively inflexible material, like ABS plastic for example, can become relatively flexible if it is thin enough, and a relatively flexible material, like rubber for example, can become relatively inflexible if it is thick enough. These facts allow for a broad range of choices in material in creating the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72.

A thickened ring 74 runs around the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72 just beyond the ends of the slits 32 and is wide and thick enough, given the material used, to maintain its shape during normal use.

Five thickened wedges 76 extend from the inside of the thickened ring 74 toward the point at which the slits 32 intersect. These thickened wedges 76 are on either side of and provide support to the slits 32 so that they maintain their general dispositions during normal use. During normal use the forces acting on the thickened wedges 76 are a fraction of those acting on the thickened ring 74 so it is not necessary for them to be as thick. The example depicted in FIGS. 20-24 features thickened wedges 76 which are about half the thickness of the thickened ring 74.

The operative edges of the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72, the outer circumference of the concave edge 78, and the opposed edges of the slits 32, have a flexibility provided by the degree to which they have been thinned and the width of the thinned area. Consistent with a less flexible material than that of the silicone material 36 of the whisk wiper 30, the concave edge 78 is thinned to a relatively narrow wall that extends out from the thickened ring 74. Similarly a concave groove 80 which is wide, relative to the groove 42, 330 makes thinned walls which extend out from the thickened wedges 76 to the opposed edges of the slits 32. FIG. 23 clearly shows, in cross section, the thicknesses of the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72. FIG. 24 shows the loop 44 passing through the slit 32, just as in FIG. 6, with the opposed edges of the slit 32 flexing aside.

FIG. 25 shows a sponge 82, with a deep slit 84 cut into it, which is attached to the back of the fourth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 72. The sponge 82 would provide additional means of cleaning the loops 44. Similarly FIG. 26 shows opposed brushes 86 positioned to provide additional cleaning means.

FIG. 27 shows a fifth alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 88 which is composed of only a conventional sponge with deep slits 84 cut through it. This extremely economical embodiment lacks the grooves, frame, thickened to thinned areas, or other details of the other embodiments and though it would not work as well in retaining mixture to be returned to the mixing bowl, since it is absorbent, it would still work very well in cleaning the whisk, particularly with soap and water.

While it is preferable that the whisk wiper have a number of slits which corresponds to the number of wire loops on a whisk, it is not necessary. It is only important that the number of slits be equal to or greater than the number of loops on the whisk. For example a whisk wiper having 8 slits, as the first alternative embodiment of the whisk wiper 56, would be compatible with the whisk 46 having 5 loops. Some difference in angular disposition between the slits and the loops would be acceptable as the loops are flexible.

The variations in the embodiments shown in FIG. 7, FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 illustrate the adding of additional tools and features valuable to the cook, and there are of course many more such tools and features. The sponge 82 and brushes 86 shown are just two simple examples of the many combined cleaning means which could be part of the whisk wiper. There are a wide variety of designs which would suitably arrange the slits in the angular dispositions desired which would also work well.

None of the specifics of the detailed description above should be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of a few preferred embodiments of this invention. Thus the scope of the invention should be determined by the following claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given.

Having thus described the invention, 

1. A device for wiping the loops of a whisk comprising a body portion having a central portion, said central portion having a plurality of slits, said slits intersecting and being disposed in angularly spaced orientation, said central portion being composed of a flexible material, said slits comprising opposed edges, said opposed edges substantially meeting, said loops penetrating said slits, said loops being exposed beyond said slits, said loops making contact with said opposed edges, said opposed edges being substantially in alignment, wherein said slits are at least three in number, having a length of at least six centimeters and are disposed in an asterisk pattern, wherein slits are counted such that 3 intersecting slits create an asterisk pattern with six points, said body having a top side and a bottom side, said top side being substantially flat, said bottom side having grooves surrounding each slit.
 2. A device for wiping the loops of a whisk comprising a body portion having a central portion, said central portion having a plurality of slits, said slits intersecting and being disposed in angularly spaced orientation, said central portion being composed of a flexible material, said slits comprising opposed edges, said opposed edges substantially meeting, said loops penetrating said slits, said loops being exposed beyond said slits, said loops making contact with said opposed edges, said opposed edges being substantially in alignment; and said device further comprising a support frame within said body portion, said support frame having a middle portion comprising a plurality of oblong apertures which intersect and are disposed in angularly spaced orientation, said support frame being composed of a substantially inflexible material; and said flexible material of said central portion at least partially covering said support frame, said slits in said central portion being in alignment with said oblong apertures so that each said slit is substantially aligned with the major axis of one of said oblong apertures.
 3. The device of claim 2 further comprising a plurality of grooves leading into said slits.
 4. The device of claim 2 wherein an outer perimeter extends beyond said support frame, said outer perimeter being composed of a flexible material.
 5. The device of claim 4 wherein said outer perimeter has a circular contour. 